Real-World Applicationshard
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In an epidemic model, the basic reproduction number is R0=fracbetaNgammaR_0 = \\frac{\\beta N}{\\gamma}, where beta\\beta is the transmission rate, NN is the population size, and gamma\\gamma is the recovery rate. If a vaccine is introduced that is 9090\\% effective (i.e., it immunizes 9090\\% of those vaccinated), and the disease has parameters betaN=0.6\\beta N = 0.6 days1^{-1} and gamma=0.15\\gamma = 0.15 days1^{-1}, what is the minimum proportion pp of the population that must be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity?