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Data Collectionhard
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In a survey using a ppp-th order inclusion probability design, let πi\pi_iπi​ denote the first-order inclusion probability and πij\pi_{ij}πij​ the joint inclusion probability. For the Sen-Yates-Grundy (SYG) variance estimator of the total Y^HT=∑i∈syiπi\hat{Y}_{HT} = \sum_{i \in s} \frac{y_i}{\pi_i}Y^HT​=∑i∈s​πi​yi​​, which of the following conditions is required for the estimator to be non-negative and unbiased for any fixed sample size nnn?