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Data Collectionhard
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In a study, a researcher is concerned about 'Non-response Bias'. If NnrN_{nr}Nnr​ is the number of non-respondents and NNN is the total population, and Yˉr\bar{Y}_rYˉr​ and Yˉnr\bar{Y}_{nr}Yˉnr​ are the means of respondents and non-respondents respectively, what is the bias formula?