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Data Collectionhard
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A university conducts a highly controlled laboratory experiment testing whether a novel memory technique improves word recall. 80 undergraduate volunteers study an artificial word list in a quiet room under standardized conditions. The technique shows a statistically significant improvement of 18% (p=0.001p = 0.001p=0.001). Administrators now plan to deploy this training in: (1) struggling high school students, (2) elderly dementia patients, and (3) workers in noisy factory environments.

Which is the PRIMARY validity threat to generalizing from the laboratory finding?