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A researcher studies the causal effect of worker education (E) on firm productivity (Y). The causal diagram includes:
- Worker ability (A) → E and A → Y (unmeasured confounder)
- Prior work experience (W) → E and W → Y (measured)
- Industry sector (I) → E and I → Y (measured)
- Education → Productivity (direct causal effect of interest)
To satisfy the backdoor criterion and estimate the causal effect of E on Y, which variable sets are sufficient for adjustment?
A researcher studies the causal effect of worker education (E) on firm productivity (Y). The causal diagram includes:
- Worker ability (A) → E and A → Y (unmeasured confounder)
- Prior work experience (W) → E and W → Y (measured)
- Industry sector (I) → E and I → Y (measured)
- Education → Productivity (direct causal effect of interest)
To satisfy the backdoor criterion and estimate the causal effect of E on Y, which variable sets are sufficient for adjustment?