Data Collectionhard
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A randomized controlled trial compares a new antihypertensive medication to placebo with 600 participants (300 per arm). At 12 weeks:

  • Medication group: 240 patients took ≥80% of doses; mean BP reduction = 14 mmHg
  • Placebo group: 270 patients took ≥80% of doses; mean BP reduction = 2 mmHg

A per-protocol (PP) analysis comparing compliant patients shows a 12 mmHg difference. An intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis using all 600 participants finds an 8 mmHg difference.

Why is the ITT estimate preferred for causal inference about the medication's effect?