Data Collectionhard
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A city pilots a job-training program in one neighborhood (Treatment) and compares employment outcomes to a demographically matched nearby neighborhood (Control) after 2 years. Treatment: 64% employed. Control: 58% employed. Difference: +6 percentage points.
However, a labor economist notes: "Some program participants have moved to the Control neighborhood seeking opportunities, and some Control residents have moved away knowing the program exists. This treatment diffusion violates a causal assumption."
Which fundamental causal inference assumption is violated?
A city pilots a job-training program in one neighborhood (Treatment) and compares employment outcomes to a demographically matched nearby neighborhood (Control) after 2 years. Treatment: 64% employed. Control: 58% employed. Difference: +6 percentage points.
However, a labor economist notes: "Some program participants have moved to the Control neighborhood seeking opportunities, and some Control residents have moved away knowing the program exists. This treatment diffusion violates a causal assumption."
Which fundamental causal inference assumption is violated?